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Loved each and every part of this book. Aboveground insulated joints of cathodically protected underground pipelines or equipment have to be bridged in places where there may be a risk of explosion by spark-gaps in air- tight casings in accordance with NEN [Ref.
All fast shut-off valves in product pipes have to be made fail-safe. It has to be clearly visible on site on shut-off valves in product pipes that have to get into a fail-safe mode whether they are opened or closed. To prevent undesired outflow, shut-off valves in product pipes that discharge into the outside air and that are used in exceptional cases need to be equipped with blind flanges or sealing caps.
Shut-off valves and control valves in product pipes, necessary in emergency situations, have to be operable on location as well as from at least one other location.
Fast shut-off valves in product pipes of which it has been established that they are essential in emergency situations have to be operable electrically or pneumatically and also manually. In this directive, the regulations for steam and compressed air are not described. For this purpose, reference is made to the directives concerned. Nitrogen can be supplied through a pipeline.
This pipeline has to meet what is stated in Chapter 7. In addition, it is possible that a reservoir for the storage of liquid nitrogen including the vaporizer belonging thereto is placed on the installation. The reservoir with vaporizer meant for the storage of liquid nitrogen has to be installed outside in a well-ventilated place. The reservoir with appurtenances has to be protected against collision.
The installation location cannot be lower than the ground level and preferably has to be surrounded by a two-meter high fence. If there is a chance of subsidence, an adequately solid foundation has to be created that can support the weight of the reservoir including its content. The reservoir with appurtenances has to meet the requirements set by the recognized supplier.
The distance from the reservoir with appurtenances to the other parts of the installation has to comply with what is stated in Chapter 5. The reservoir with the filling point belonging thereto has to be placed in such a manner that the installation always remains easily accessible for the tank truck and that the driver of the tank truck has a good view of the installation and the tank truck. When filling the reservoir, the connective point of the unloading hose to the tank truck with which the liquid nitrogen is supplied, has to be in a section within the establishment meant for this purpose.
The level of the filling of the reservoir has to be visible from that location. The filling point of an installation has to be affixed so tightly that it is prevented, if the unloading hose is not disconnected, that the reservoir is pulled away by the tank truck driving off, or it needs to have a drive-off protection.
The filling point also needs to have a collision protection. The connecting joint of the filling pipe of the reservoir has to be properly supported and meant specifically for liquid nitrogen. The distances of the offices, workshops, and laboratories to the other parts of the installation have to comply with what is stated in paragraph 4. The current prevailing standards for control rooms are: - CIA Chemical Industries Association ; Guidance for the location and design of occupied buildings on chemical manufacturing sites [Ref.
For further explanation, please contact the Health and Safety Inspectorate. If tanks for substances of class 3 have been installed in a tank farm containment area with one or more tanks for substances of classes 1 or 2, these tanks have to be equipped with a refrigerating facility and fire extinguisher as required for substances of classes 1 or 2.
External floating roof tanks sharing one tank farm containment area with one or more tanks with fixed roofs have to be equipped with a refrigerating facility and fire extinguisher as if they were tanks with fixed roofs. Tanks in a tank farm containment area for the storage of substances of class 3 have to be equipped with a stationary fire extinguisher that complies with the NFPA 11 [Ref.
In deviation from it, mobile means can be used, provided that: - the tank is easily accessible for the company fire department and the fire extinguishers used by the Fire Department, and; - the accessibility and method of firefighting by means of an operational plan has been laid down in the fire safety plan.
Tanks with a fixed roof in a tank farm containment area for the storage of substances of classes 1 and 2 have to be equipped with a stationary fire extinguisher complying with the NFPA 11 [Ref. Storage tanks with a fixed roof and an internal floating roof, an inert gas cover and detection of the functioning of the inert gas cover do not require a stationary extinguishing system. Explanation: An inert gas cover for instance nitrogen needs to be designed in conformity with the NFPA 69 in combination with independent detection of the concentration of inert gas or oxygen.
The facilities for the supply of foam to the tank cannot be affixed to the roof construction. These facilities have to be affixed in such a manner that no stored liquid can get in the supply facility. External floating roof tanks have to be equipped with a stationary fire extinguisher for a fire in the rim seal that meets the NFPA 11 [Ref.
The Fire Department has to be able to make a primary attempt to extinguish a rim seal fire without entering the tanks. For a secondary attempt and spills on the roof, the tank has to be equipped with a dry riser pipe, a wind girder to be accessed safely, and sufficient mobile equipment has to be available. A drawing in scale of the firewater net has to be available, indicating: - the location of the firewater pumps including capacity and pressure ; - the locations of the pipes; - the diameter of the pipes; - the locations of the globe valves; - the fire hydrants and the stationary monitors including fire hydrant numbers.
The firewater system has to be designed for the supply of the amount of water that is at least needed for each different fire scenario on the location in question within the establishment. This amount of water always has to be adjusted to both extinguishing a burning surface with water and foam and the refrigerating of installations at risk.
The amount of water to be used to extinguish needs to be sufficient for the maximum burning surface on location, for instance on account of the failure of storage tanks.
Explanation: The maximum burning surface is: - in case of tank farm containment areas with tanks with a fixed roof or tanks to be put on a par with same, the maximum burning surface equaling the surface of the tank farm containment area minus the surface of the tanks, except for the largest tank; - in case of tank farm containment areas with dividing dikes, the maximum burning surface equaling the largest liquid surfaces in the event that a fully filled tank yields; - in case of tank farm containment areas containing only tanks with a floating roof the surface of the largest tank has to be taken into account.
The amount of water needed depends on the manner of extinguishing. It has to be possible to supply the amount of firewater and cooling water needed under any circumstances for an unlimited period of time. In consultation with the Fire Department, this may be deviated from.
Explanation: In this respect, the availability of secondary firewater facilities and the extent to which one extinguishes or refrigerates by means of semi- stationary means is of importance.
The Fire Department has to confirm permitted deviations in writing. The action to be taken has to be included in the emergency plan. The firewater net has to be manufactured as a ring main system and be equipped with globe valves. The globe valves have to be installed in such a manner that when a section is put out of operation sufficient firewater remains available for every section of the establishment. Explanation: When putting a section out of operation, it has to be determined in what other manner the firewater facility for this section can be guaranteed.
Firewater has to be available at least up to halfway down the street qualifying for it and at least from two sides of an installation. The temporary change has to be reported to the company fire department, Fire Department, and if necessary, competent authority. The firewater system and the system of the Fire Department have to be adjusted to each other. The draft drawing and the description of the firewater net require the written approval of the Fire Department.
The required number depends on the different fire scenarios and the capacity of the individual aboveground fire hydrants. Except on open, not built-up land, the aboveground fire hydrants have to be installed at a mutual distance of 50 m to 80 m, unless deviating risk-increasing activities in the direct vicinity require an increased need for firewater. In places where deviating risk- increasing activities take place, this mutual distance has to be evaluated for each individual case, for instance for piers, pump-pads, and loading stations.
The diameter of an aboveground fire hydrant has to be at least 80 cm. An aboveground fire hydrant needs to have at least two connections. Each connection has to be equipped with shut-off valves belonging thereto, with a diameter of the passage of at least 67 mm, with a Storz coupling with a cam distance of 81 mm. If the aboveground fire hydrant has shut-off valves with a passage of mm, the cam distance of the Storz coupling has to be mm.
The aboveground fire hydrants have to be equipped with an efficient drainage, so that they cannot freeze. Aboveground fire hydrants need to have a unique number that is indicated clearly on or near the aboveground fire hydrant. It has to be possible to open aboveground fire hydrants with a tap wrench customary with the Fire Department or they have to be equipped with a tap wrench belonging thereto that is permanently connected for instance with a chain to the aboveground fire hydrant.
The pump system has to be able to supply the necessary capacity at all times. It has to be possible to start the firewater pumps from a permanently staffed, safe location. Explanation: Toxic scenarios can also influence the necessary capacity. The firewater pump system has to be adjusted to the maximum necessary pressure to be expected on every individual location within the establishment.
For aboveground fire hydrants, a minimum dynamic pressure of 1 bar kPa is necessary, this does not apply to monitor combinations. The location and capacity of alternative pump facilities and operating instructions have to be included in the emergency instructions.
Explanation: See for emergency instructions and emergency plan paragraph 9. If a tank installation is located at a waterway and the local or regional emergency services have fireboats, the following regulations apply: - Fireboat connections have to be connected to the firewater pipe of the company by a coupler with a diameter of 8 inch mm.
This coupler has to be equipped with a shut- off valve. The mooring place for a fireboat near each fireboat connection has to be indicated by one or more signs Aanlegplaats Blusboot mooring place fireboat or a square sign with a red rim carrying the letter B, which is clearly visible and legible on the quay side and on the waterside. If the companys firewater system or its own pump capacity has not been adjusted to the maximum fire scenario, a logistics plan has to be submitted to the Fire Department for approval.
In connection with the logistics plan, additional facilities, such as ramps for mobile monitors and areas for hose tracks have to be created. The logistics plan is part of the fire safety plan and has to be kept up-to-date. The manner of firewater drainage has to be described in emergency instructions and included in the emergency plan.
Except in situations as described in the following three regulations, storage tanks have to be equipped with their own stationary refrigerating facility against heating due to an external fire. The refrigerating facility has to give an equal coverage pattern of cooling water over the entire tank surface. More information on refrigerating facilities can be found in the code IP part 19, Annex 2 [Ref. This code also provides other application amounts for other installations than tanks.
Tank farm containment areas with only storage of liquids of class 3 do not need to have stationary refrigerating if: - in and around the tank farm containment area sufficient means are available to extinguish a small fire in the vicinity; Explanation: The means chosen have to be demonstrably equipped for the scenarios intended. For tanks with detection in the rim seal and a stationary extinguishing system that complies with the NFPC 11 [Ref.
Without these facilities, it is a tank fire. The amount of foaming substance that has to be present on the site depends on the need for foam. The need for foam depends on: - the surface of the largest tank farm containment area for areas with fixed roof tanks; - the surface of the largest tank in case of external floating roof tanks; - the surface of a compartment of a pipe track or pump-pad. The need for foam has to be determined in accordance with NFC 11 [Ref.
The type of foam and the expansion capacity of the foam has to be adjusted to the nature and amount of the substances and risks present. The stability and applicability of the foam should have been proven by testing by an organization recognized by the competent authority.
The foaming substance has to be of such a nature and be retained and stored in such a manner that it continues to meet the specifications of the manufacturer.
The proper functioning of the foaming substance has to be proven upon demand of the competent authority. In order to guarantee the proper functioning of the foam, once every year: - the foaming substance has to be inspected visually with regard to occurrence of film, pollution and sedimentation; - refraction measuring of the foam mixing system has to be performed.
There has to be consensus with the Fire Department on the type of foaming substance. Foaming substance has to be stored in such a manner that, in case of a calamity, quick and adequate transportation is possible with the means present on site.
Locations in a danger zone need to have a fire detection system. Continuous supervision and quick detection of an incident are also required. Explanation: Within this framework, the provisions under and are also of importance.
The selection of the detection system and the refrigerating facility and fire extinguishers also depends on the storage tank and the local situation.
So it is possible to temporarily deviate from the status of safety technology in particular cases. Deviating from the described safety U N C O N T R O L E D 46 level, supported by reasons, has to be agreed on in consultation between the competent authority and the operator, while the following conditions should be met: - a safety policy and scenario analysis have been carried out paragraph 8.
Explanation: On this point, legal responsibilities, labor conditions, financial and social aspects are relevant. External floating roof tanks have to be equipped with a linear heat detection system or similar facility. In case of storage tanks with a diameter smaller than 19 m this may be deviated from, provided that the competent authority is of the opinion that adequate supervision is present.
Explanation: Adequate supervision is understood to be continuous presence of manpower, the extent to which supervision is conducted on the location of the storage tank control rounds. Rim fires are hard to detect visually. A fire report system with which one can easily and quickly report a fire or serious leak from various locations on the site to a continuously manned post has to be present within the establishment.
This report system can only be used to report emergencies. The establishment needs to have an alert system with which all those involved can be warned in case of serious leakage, fire, or other irregularities. It has to be possible to switch on this alert system from various places on the site.
The alert signal has to be audible for everyone on every location within the establishment. This alert system can only be used for alert. Explanation: All those involved can also include adjacent companies and their staff, if there can be question of an increased risk for them. The signal of an automatic detection system has to be received on a continuously manned report post or passed on directly to the emergency center of the regional emergency services.
The detection system has to comply with what is specified in NEN [Ref. The signal of the detection system can only be passed on with delay with written permission of the Fire Department. This permission can be evaluated and revised, if necessary, by the Fire Department periodically.
Near the pump-pads of product pumps and transfer piers for substances of classes 1 and 2, sufficient permanent water monitors have to be set up to prevent a pump-pad fire and a pier fire in case of a fire in the vicinity. Within the establishment, provisions have to be made to determine the wind direction.
Safety control measures The regulations in this Chapter have already been largely incorporated in the safety report and the prevention policy for establishments that fall under the direct scope of the Major Accidents Risks Decree BRZO. The operator should have identified and evaluated the dangers and the internal and external risks attached to storage and transportation of the products. The control measures should constitute an adequately safe and reliable situation in connection with design, construction, operation, maintenance, and the like.
Within the establishment an up-to-date fire safety plan has to be present. The fire safety policy has to be spread actively by the operator. The Fire Department may set further requirements for the content of the fire safety plan. The fire safety policy and the fire safety plan have to be kept up-to-date. However, the fire safety plan also has elements from Fire Plans as described in standards such as the part 19 of the IP Chapter 9 [Ref. Within the organization, the following matters have to be described or guaranteed procedurally: - the tasks and responsibilities of the staff the companys own staff and that of third parties that is involved in controlling the risks during the normal business operations as U N C O N T R O L E D 49 well as in emergency situations.
The minimum staff available within the establishment has to be adjusted to it; - the manner in which the communication takes place when the shift handovers take place. The transfer of information has to take place verbally and in writing. A system to record the information has to be available; Explanation: when a shift handover takes place, it is important that sufficient time is dedicated to it and that it is recorded what information has to be transferred; one may think of: - current and planned product moving; - bridged protections and bypasses; - malfunctioning equipment or equipment that is not in operation; - maintenance activities and work permits issued; - recently activated critical alerts, trips, etc.
Staff the companys or that of third parties performing work near or at the installations have to be familiar with the safety regulations, the regulations in the event of fire, and the practical use of small extinguishers in as far as it applies to them. Each operator has to determine and record at any rate based on an analysis when what personal means of protection have to be worn and why.
The staff needs to have been instructed and trained with regard to the emergency plan. Within the establishment, a person has to be appointed who is responsible for: - the periodical inspection of the fire extinguishers; - testing the proper functioning of the fire extinguishers; - the organization of the trainings required; - taking measures to keep the company fire department and the company emergency service trained; - updating the emergency plan.
If necessary, the Fire Department can set further requirements that go beyond this directive. Explanation: The determination of the desired fire safety level has to be based on an accurate analysis. Tools are available for this purpose in the form of specific cause and effect diagrams of tank incidents, codes of the NFPA and publications of the Fire Department Rotterdam Center Industrial Safety, The operator has to draw up procedures for the systematic identification of possible undesired incidents accident analysis.
For this purpose, several risk evaluation and control methods are available. Explanation: It is mainly of importance that the operator makes an inventory of what possible undesired incidents can occur, what the consequences of these incidents can be are and what measures and provisions have been taken to prevent these incidents and to limit their consequences.
The reliability of the measures and provisions taken are also important factors in both the safety studies themselves and in the actual business operations.
To conduct the accident analysis, one has to take into account the policy to control scenarios drawn up by the operator. A burn-out scenario is not accepted, unless there is explicit consensus with the Fire Department on this point. The operator has to dispose of a document describing the identification of possible emergency situations adequately and systematically. Explanation: It has to be recorded at least: - who is involved in this identification; - the methodology with which scenarios are identified; - what accident scenarios are identified; - the relevant factors belonging thereto effect and damage development ; - an analysis based on a risk and impact evaluation of the possible emergency situations; - the relevant legislation; - relevant possible emergency situations from outside the site; - the scope of these studies depends on the size of the installations.
The measures taken to control scenarios should all have been recorded in a system that guarantees the integrity of these measures. The operator has to make an analysis of undesired incidents that have occurred and report them to the competent authority.
Within the organization, establishing and applying procedures and instructions to control the safety of the business operations, including the maintenance, the preservation of the installations, and the temporary interruptions, has to be described. Presence staff At all times during work at least one responsible person has to be present at the site or it has to be possible to reach him, which person is sufficiently expert and familiar with the safety means present and able to take the measures required in the event of a fire or accident.
In consultation with the competent authority this may be deviated from. Explanation: U N C O N T R O L E D 51 For larger and more complex installations, the competent authority may set additional requirements, for instance: - On sites where work is performed, there constantly have to be at least two responsible persons present, both day and night, who are sufficiently expert and familiar with the safety means present.
They also have to be able to take the necessary measures in the event of a fire or accident. The operational plan has to contain a suitable response Emergency Response Plans for every identified scenario.
The means needed to execute the operational plan have to be contained in the maintenance and inspection system and tested regularly.
The persons involved have to be instructed adequately and trained regularly. It has to be available to the one carrying out the acts in emergency situations. The operator of a tank installation should have an emergency plan ready. The emergency plan has to be approved by the competent authority and the Fire Department.
Explanation: The emergency plan should contain: - for the scenarios referred to in paragraph 8. When the emergency plan is set up, one has to take into account that it may be necessary in the event of a leak or fire to evacuate certain parts of the site or to warn neighbors.
The Center Industrial Safety of the Safety Region Rotterdam Rijnmond inserted a guide for setting up emergency plans for tank installations in its Technical Frame of Reference for storage tanks. The places for retention of aforementioned data are located in such a manner that this information is available at all times and the chance that the information is affected is minimized.
Upon arrival of the Fire Department in the event of an emergency situation, it has to be possible to give the commander the information referred to in the above regulation immediately. Regular drills on paper and in practice have to be held based on the various accident scenarios laid down.
In addition to drills for the firefighting teams company fire department , drills and trainings for office staff, contractors, and external emergency services also have to take place. A multi-year drill program has to be available for the drills.
This is shown to the competent authority upon request. There have to be a script and an evaluation for every drill, which have to be retained for at least 5 years. In addition, the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations has some guidelines for the experience of emergency services staff and company fire department staff. It is permitted to provide for foaming substance or fire extinguishers together with one or more other companies in the vicinity.
If a company is a member of an industrial firefighting pool, part of the stock of foaming substance can be stored outside ones own site. The book was published in multiple languages including English, consists of pages and is available in Paperback format.
The main characters of this young adult, fiction story are August Pullman, Olivia Pullman. Palacio pdf. Please note that the tricks or techniques listed in this pdf are either fictional or claimed to work by its creator. We do not guarantee that these techniques will work for you.
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